Context for the Plan

The Historic and Cultural Fabric of Texas

Texas embraces a vast collection of sites, objects, districts, buildings and structures recognized for cultural, historic, architectural or archeological significance within its 268,581 square miles. Scratching the surface of the variety of cultural and historic resources reveals Hispanic ranches, maritime vessels, bungalow neighborhoods, prehistoric Indian rock art, midcentury hotels, slave cemeteries, farmsteads, iron truss bridges and urban parks. These are but a few examples of the countless real places that tell the real story of Texas.

Scattered across the state of Texas lie the traces of at least 12,000 years of human occupation in an estimated one million archeological sites. Prehistoric sites include ancient bison and mammoth kills in far West Texas and in the High Plains, pictographs and petroglyphs along the canyons of the Lower Pecos and in the El Paso area, earthen mounds constructed by Caddoan Indians in East Texas, mesa-top villages along the Canadian River in the Texas Panhandle and encampments that reflect generations of hunting and gathering subsistence in all regions of the state. These and other sites contain the only clues available about generations of life in the place that is now encompassed by our state boundaries. Even in the centuries following European contact, written records often contain scant information about past life in Texas. Historic exploration and settlement sites such as La Salle’s Fort St. Louis, Spanish presidios and missions (including the Alamo), shipwrecks, frontier forts, battle sites, simple homesteads and early industrial locales are integral to our understanding of the past. It is important to note that more than 90 percent of archeological sites in Texas are privately owned and many are damaged or lost each year.

To date, nearly 3,000 archeological sites, including historic shipwrecks, Native American pictographs and petroglyphs, prehistoric middens, and historic farmsteads and battlefields, are designated as State Archeological Landmarks. This designation applies legal protection to archeological resources in accordance with the Antiquities Code of Texas (Natural Resources Code, Chapter 191). The Historic Texas Lands Plaque program was developed in 2001 to recognize Texas landowners who preserve important archeological sites on their properties. The THC also reviews approximately 6,000 proposed development projects that may affect archeological sites each year and requires approximately 400 archeological surveys annually. There are more than 300 Texas archeological properties listed in the National Register. Archeological sites are inventoried in the Texas Archeological Sites Atlas, a restricted-user database due to the sensitive nature of archeological sites.

Our current statewide historic resources inventory, as represented in the publically accessible online Atlas, contains written information, photographs, and negatives chronicling nearly 300,000 sites in Texas. Among these are:

•  3,000 buildings, districts, sites, structures, and objects listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Of these listings, 350 are historic districts containing more than 30,000 contributing buildings and structures.
• 46 properties designated as National Historic Landmarks (see Appendix B for a full list)
• 15,000 Official Texas Historical Markers that interpret and promote history.
• 3,600 buildings designated as Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks.
• 1,400 officially designated Historic Texas Cemeteries, which are recorded in county deed records
• 235 historic courthouses that can serve as the focal point of their counties.
• 20 state historic sites managed by the THC and open to the public.
• 13 national parks and more than 120 state parks, cultural and historic sites established to protect and interpret the nation’s and state’s history.

In addition, thousands of sites are inventoried at the local level, many of which are designated as community landmarks and historic districts. However, countless historic places remain unidentified throughout the state.

The Texas landscape has been shaped over time, resulting in a vast collection of properties reflecting its rich and diverse heritage. Historic buildings include the homes of well-known Texas leaders and those of everyday Texans. Some are significant works by famous architects, while others are vernacular designs that reveal the nexus of tradition, function and availability of materials.  They include schools that reflect the reality of segregation, entertainment venues that represent the diversity of Texas cultures, and large and small businesses and workplaces that helped shape local, state, and national economies. Significant cultural landscapes include rural districts centered on ranches, farms and agricultural processing facilities, commercial districts and residential neighborhoods in cities and small towns, as well as roadways and other transportation networks, parks, and industrial facilities.

Several property types deserve special attention in the area of designations. Commercial properties, especially those clustered in districts, are often eligible for federal tax credits and other incentives, so their designation would help expedite economic development throughout the state. Other places represent the under-told stories of Texas, especially the ethnic and racial diversity of the state. Communities must make it a priority to identify and designate properties that represent all ethnic and religious groups, including Jewish, Tejano, African-American, historic Native American, and Asian peoples. Establishing historic contexts for groups of related properties and nominating them at one time can be an effective way to ensure that important aspects of Texas history are considered. Rare and fragile resources, such as 18^th century elements of El Camino real de los Tejas, as well as more recent buildings and structures, such as those associated with Route 66, can be designated through this process.

Many facets of Texas history are worthy of comprehensive study through historic context reports. Some contexts are general, and relate to broad concepts of American history, including the significance of colleges and universities, places of worship, ethnic settlements, industry and agriculture, parks and other public facilities, projects of the New Deal, architecture of the postwar period, roads and roadside architecture, entertainment venues such as theaters, and the effects of suburbanization.  Other contexts are directly related to things that make Texas distinctive, including dance halls, the works of important Texas architects, and the celebration of the Texas Centennial. Often the scope of general contexts can be limited to specific geographic regions, as in the multiple property submission to the National Register of Historic Places for “Historic Farms and Ranches of Bexar County,” which was initiated by the San Antonio Conservation Society, and serves as an example that can be followed in other parts of the state.

Among the most recognized collections of historic buildings are Texas’ 225 historic county courthouses. The state’s courthouses offer superior examples of architectural trends, styles and technological advances in building methods. Since 1999, the Texas Historic Courthouse Preservation Program has awarded nearly $227 million in matching grants and assisted 82 county courthouses with preservation work. These courthouses serve as the center point of community pride and their preservation has generated significant economic and social benefits, including more than 8,500 jobs, nearly $239 million in income and more than $325 million in gross state product.

With each passing year, thousands of additional properties reach the fifty-year threshold of being old enough to be considered for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Texas saw tremendous growth after World War II into the 1960s and 70s as industry and population migrated out of the east and mid-west into Sun Belt states in the south and west. Coupled with immigration from Mexico and Latin America, population growth doubled, if not tripled, in most mid-sized to large cities in Texas during this time.[1] Texas cities have an abundance of resources from this postwar building boom that can now be evaluated for their historic significance.

The Social and Economic Climate